Some cathedrals soon appeared too, and again those such as Darem Cathedral are testimony [свидетельство]to Norman architectural skills. All these buildings were evidence of the conquerers' control providing centres for both: political and religious rule.
Now too came the beginnings of a defined social structure with Norman lords, the masters, the lower orders very much their servants. Creating what was to become known historically as the FEUDAL SYSTEM, the lords lurched support and protection of their people and provided them with land in return for their loyal service(principally, this service was military). For the understanding, what this military service meant, Norman lords were obligated to provide a number of knights for service rufly proportioned to the size of their estate. Despite the keeping problems of feudalism, newly introduced lords, highered taxes and different tuns, the nation still, very slowly, but it started to become united.
But while the common people adapted to this new system, the Norman nobility fought among themselves. Nobles and monarchs wanted more power and more land. Inheritence at that time was almost all disputed[оспаривать], leading to the establishing of a rule, under which the eldest male child automatically enjoyed a rightful claim and a poor younger children had nothing.
Even this wasn't done without problems. William I (1066-1087) died after being thrown from his horse in the French town of Monte, which he had burnt as a result of a border conflict. William left Normandy to his eldest son, Robert, and England to his second son, William II, believing that he was the right man to rule over a very often troublesome country. Robert, however, wanted to be lord of the two countries. He and William(1087-1105), known as Rufus(=red, cz he had not only red hair, but a red face as he drank a lot), became bitterphones. Eventually Robert recites Normandy to William in 1096 in order to rate fun to inmbar on the first crusade. He wanted to be famous and he decided to go on a first crusade. William was a very warrior person and he had an impressive military record. He was successful against Norman rebel(l) and the French army. He would recognize overlord in Scotland, but William earned a reputation not only of a fine soldier, but the patron of fine buildings too. His greatest achievements was Westminster Hall, whose vast interior is still used on state occasions.
William died in 1105 in a very suspicious hunting accident in the New Forest, while he was hunting out with his brother Henry. Henry I moved quickly to secure power and eventually defeated elder brother Robert in 1106. Robert was imprisoned in Cardiff, where he died in 1134. Henry was not the man with whom to come into conflict. Anyone, for instance, considered responsible for irregularity in minting money was blinded and costrated. The wars Henry was forced to wage[воевать] in Normandy were a considerable g(d)rain on his income, on his money resources. He was poorer that Rufus had been, but this was conpensated for his efficient management. Henry was also respected more by the Church than his brother. Despite talk of siring more than 20 children only two of whom were legiment[законный]. His other legiment son William died at sea at 1119. But the Norman kings like their Anglo-Saxon's predecessors were closely with the Church and supported the reforming popes of the late 11th centuy.
New religious orders were intoduced to England and Henry I married Matilda, daughter of Melcom III of Scotland in 1100. And by 1107 his throne was finally secure, so it is now quite clear why he was also king and overlord of Scotland, because he had married the daughter of king. With his imprisoned brother and a victory over the Church to appoint his own bishops, because he went into the conflict with Church: who should appoint bishops, the Church or the king? So he won it. The king felt a confident ruler and he felt very secure. He had also sild[силд] a treaty with Archbishop of Anthem of Canterbury, under which bishops must pay homage to[приклонятся] Henry for their estate, that accomponied their offuce. It was the first time in history and probably the last one, when the bishops paid the monarch. The deal ended the suedy, which began under William an gave Henry the support of the pope.
Henry I died in France in 1135 from food poisoning after going fishing. Only one child his elegiment son Robert, Earl of Glocester, was at his death bed. Because his older elegiment son was dead, Henry left behind him another very disputed inheritance. His daughter Matilda had married Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, in 1128. And his father's death made Matilda and, of course, her husband rightful rulers of England, because his elegiment son Robert was elegiment… где ум, где логика?? But Geoffrey was at that time at war with Normandy, and he never set foot in England. So far from uniting the kingdoms of England and Anjou, Henry's death led to 20 years of civil war. Matilda despite her husband detachment was a very powerful lady and she was determined to take the throne probably not for her husband or for herself.
And one man was equally determined she shouldn't take the throne. As soon as he heard of Henry's death. Henry's nephew, Stephen of Blois, son of William's I daughter, Adella, sailed from Boulon to seek power and he was crowned king by Archbishop of Canterbury. Ironically, as always goes in history, the woman Stephan chose for his Queen was also called Matilda, so he had a rival[соперница], who was Matilda and a wife, who was Matilda. The period of his reign is known as the Anarchy, when Christ and the Angels slander and not without good reasons. Stephen was recrowned king in 1141 after an astonishing year, which had seen him defeated, captured, deposed and finally victorious. In february he was overwhelmed by the superior forces of Matilda led by her half-brother Robert of Gloucester. Refusing to slee Stephen fought until he was captured. He was held in Robert of Gloucester's castle while Matilda made her way to London to seek the succession. But she met a very strong resistance. The citizens of London already wary of her became hostile, when she demanded large sums of money from them. And while preparing for her coronation the Londoners rose and drove her out of the city. Stephen's supporters led by his wife, Matilda, defeated her army outside Winchester and captured Robert of Gloucester in whose castle Stephen was. Robert was exchanged for Stephen, who once again sat on the throne victorious, because the Londoners didn't accept Matilda.
In 1148, seven years later, Stephen was recrowned, Matilda left England and returned to her husband in Normandy dropping her claim to the throne. King Stephen died in 1154, two years after his beloved wife Matilda. The question of succession had been resolved only a year earlier, when Stephen had dramatically disinherited his son, Ustas, in favour of Henry Plantagenet, son of his older enemy and claimer to the throne, Matilda. And actually it was the comprise, why Matilda had left England in 1148, because Stephen had promised, that her son would become next king of England.
And a new royal House now had the task of trying to end English Anarchy, and it was the House of Plantegenet. The crowning of king Henry II in 1154 healed the rift between England's royal rivals and these rivals were Stephen and Matilda. The death of Ustas, son and hier to Stephen paid the way for a compromise deal, in which Henry took the throne. Stephen's second son, William, was paid off very handsomely with large grounds, with large tracks of land. Henry's father was Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, and the dinasty consequently became known as the Plantegenet.
Although king of England, Henry was much concerned with matters in France, after all, he was born there, and he didn't visit England until he was 9 years old. And he eventually died in France. Henry certainly had his work cut out. There were troublesome Scots to contend with as well as very troublesome Celts and greedy and unpredictable barrers from the Scottish borders to the Pyrenees. Energetically he sackled the celtegies that dolmed[домд или догд…] his reign. Yet his new rule swift clean approach,which undoubted the House to restore some order to England is largerly forgotten by history. Henry is remembered as the king who was responsible for the death of /// Thomas Becket. But he is not remembered as the king who put the end of the Anarchy in the country. Who was Becket? Becket was the son of a London merchant who rose to become Archbishop of Canterbury. Henry was convinced, he had a tay churchment in the form of Thomas Becket, who was Henry's personal and loyal friend. On that count the appointment suited Henry well as he was aiming to reduce(renew) the power of the Church. He wanted an end to the system, in which the Church organized its own lands and often they were bigger than the King's lands. Likewise Henry felt flue in the state of his own authority. He was too sure of Thomas Becket's loyalty.
Henry /// into the Church was known as the Constitutions of Clarington of 1164. It was a written document and it contained 15 points. There, in those Constitutions, Becket and his bishops ought the proposals for two days before caming in. Almost immediately Becket regretted his decision and stood once again for the intract of the Church, and he became in opposition to the King. Consequently Henry had Becket arrested and in 1165 the country's most emenant and very prominent churchman sled into exire. It was five years before his return to England to review his battle of will with Henry. In a sit of altrage at his court in Normandie Henry burst out: “Will no one rid me of this troublesome priest??” In a response four knights made their way to England, found Becket in Canterbury Cathedral and on 29th of December 1170 slade him with their swords. It was a disastrous fact, that an elegement and illument churchman was killed in a cathedral. Henry was grief-stricken, when he heard about the killing. He even imprisoned himself in a room for three days. And, as it all goes in history, three days later after his death Thomas Becket was canonized. And Henry always maintained that he had never ordered the killing, but he is remembered in the history as a king, who had killed a churchman in the church.
If Henry believed his worst enemies were abroad, he was sadly mistaken. In the last years of this life his wife and three of his sons plotted against him. Eleanor(of Aquitaine, his wife) imprisoned the knight's misstress, when his eldest son, who was also called Henry, was crowned successor in 1169, his second son Richard was insensed by a considential work both later joined forces with Philip II of France and waded war on their father. John, Henry's favourite son, joined them. By now both, Henry the younger and Geoffrey, Henry's other son, were dead. The aggressors compelled a heart-broken king Henry to accept a shamefully humiliating peace. He couldn't take that and a month later he died.
Richard was crowned King of England in 1189 in Westminster. It was one of the few occasions he visited the country during his reign. It is calculated that during a decade of his rule he spent less than a year with his foot on English soil, so he was always at war with someone. Nor was it the happy occasion he might have wished. By his eld(own) degree Jews were bent from the coronation. With some turned up they were attacked by Richard's people. Many Jews were killed during the coronation and their belief(though released-??) was badly damaged and injured. The incident sparkled a pogrom in London and Jews were routed out for a century out of London.
Richard, despite his foreign travels, was a very popular king. He won the name Richard Lionheart, although his personal brevity is always the question, because many historians think, that in many cases he simply left the battle field and he didn't fight for it. It was the lewer[льюэ] of the first crusade, that took Richard overseas. Jerusalem,at that time and still it is the centre of Christianity, was once again under control of Muslims and it was led by ///. Prompted by attacks of pilgrims the both sanction another crusade. Richard though stayed in England long enough to raise taxes to pay for this Third Crusade. He jokingly said that he would have sold London if only he could find a buyer to London. In 1198 he set off for the Holy Land with his old ely, Philip II of France. And in 1199 near the castle of Chale Richard was hit in the shoulder and consequently he died.
Richard's younger brother John succeeded him to the throne. He was an awful king for England. He was stretcherous, empitious, foolish and unwise. John found a capacity to eliminate one and all. Before his succession in 1199, he had been sent to Ireland by his father to rule. He and his competence rudely laughed aloud at the beard worn by the Irish chieftain, who came to pay homage to him. His rule there was disaster.
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